Jimmy Escajeda - I found this disturbing trend today.

Jimmy Escajeda

10 hrs ·

I found this disturbing trend today. Parents beware!

MASSRESISTANCE.ORG

Introducing kids to adult/youth “gay clubs”

Probably the fastest and most dangerous way that schoolchildren are introduced to homosexual behavior is through adult-youth

“community” gay clubs, which are run by homosexual (and transgender) activist adults and seek to attract local high school

and middle school children.

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[ https://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen2/14b/GLSEN-Conference-040514/gay-youth-clubs/index.html ]

LGBT TEACHERS CONFERENCE IN BOSTON - PART V

Introducing kids to adult/youth “gay clubs” in communities, outside of

schools. A dangerous intro to “gay sex.”

POSTED: August 21, 2014

Probably the fastest and most dangerous way that schoolchildren are introduced to homosexual behavior is

through adult-youth “community” gay clubs, which are run by homosexual (and transgender) activist adults and

seek to attract local high school and middle school children.

Contingent of men and

children from Boston

LGBT club BAGLY

marching in Youth Pride

Parade. They were

shouting "Trans Rights

Now!"

[All photos by

MassResistance]

This is the fifth part in our series on this year's annual GLSEN Conference held in Boston in April 2014 which

brought together LGBT teachers, school officials, and education activists (and their "allies") -- along with children

as young as fifth grade

-- where they outlined their latest tactics for the schools.

Community “LGBT youth” clubs: Mixing vulnerable kids with adult “gay” activists

Unlike the “gay straight alliance” clubs inside the schools – which are themselves outrageous -- these meet at

various places in the community and are completely unsupervised by any outside entity. However, schools know

this and are still cooperative in steering vulnerable kids to these clubs, where the kids develop relationships with

the adult activists. In our experience, the school authorities do not notify parents when they introduce their child

to these groups.

"Business card" given out to kids

at the conference.

How dangerous can these clubs get? Most parents and public officials don’t have a clue. Back in 2007

MassResistance posted a shocking public letter written by a 20-year-old homosexual activist in Maine describing

the abuses going on by adults to kids in the local "gay youth" club. It included his own admission of sexual

relations with two younger boys.

Last year a Massachusetts mother introduced legislation to stop the public schools from steering students to

outside “gay clubs” after a counselor at her 16-year-old son’s high school referred the boy to a local club without

the parents’ knowledge or consent.

Here’s from the mother’s testimony before the Massachusetts Legislature:

Our son was seeing a [therapist] for childhood traumas that are known to cause sexual identity issues

in adolescence.

At [the gay club] our son was told that he was born gay, could never change, and that anyone who

didn't embrace his sexual identity was a hater and a homophobe, including his family. . . He was

provided with sexually provocative and anti-Christian literature . . .

The school administrators defended [the school counselor’s] actions [in referring him to them].

In recent years, these outside “gay youth clubs” have also emphasized cross-dressing, transgenderism, and even

sex-change medical procedures for kids. MassResistance recently documented how these clubs partner with even

more extreme groups and radical government-funded transgender programs.

Conference workshop

At the GLSEN LGBT Teachers Conference it was clear that steering kids to these outside “gay youth clubs” and

getting them involved with adult homosexual activists is no accident, but a part of their agenda. To start with,

they had a workshop devoted to it:

“Youth / adult collaboration” involving homosexual activists is every parent’s nightmare. But the homosexual

movement sees this as an important “positive” way for youth to be helped to free themselves from the influence

of “homophobic” parents, and particularly their religious beliefs. In their eyes, this is good for kids’ emotional and

psychological well-being.

There are various strategies for using schools to get kids involved with these groups. As mentioned above, one is

to have a trusted counselor or advisor to suggest it as a “support group.”

In contrast the image they carefully craft for public officials, concerned citizens, and the media, is a well-honed

script describing education programs, emotional and psychological support, and claims that reinforcing

homosexual behavior prevents suicides. The latter claim often references the unscientific and discredited Mass.

Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

This article from the local

Wellesley MA newspaper is a

classic example of how the

community "gay youth" clubs

carefully craft their image for

the public. It was passed out at

the conference.

“BAGLY”

Note that the conference workshop presenters are from BAGLY (Boston Alliance of Gay Lesbian Bisexual

Transgender Youth) . BAGLY is the largest, most aggressive (and most well-funded) LGBT “youth club” in

Massachusetts.

BAGLY is run by a middle-aged man who dresses as a woman. As an official member of the state-funded

Massachusetts Commission on GLBT Youth, BAGLY has an entrée into public schools across the state. It helps

organize the annual “Youth Pride” Day and runs the accompanying evening “Youth gay/transgender” prom in

Boston City Hall. (We have a full report on this year’s “Youth Pride” event coming up. Here's our report from

Youth Pride Day 2009.)

A group of activists from BAGLY posed for us at the 2014 Youth Pride

event earlier this year.

BAGLY does not hide the fact the fact that children and adults freely mix (see top photo). Its website admits that

it has no minimum age, and that:

All LGBTQ youth ages 22 and under are welcome to participate in BAGLY’s program activities and

events. The average age range of the youth who currently participate in our weekly programming is

14 – 20, while our annual events are usually more inclusive of 21 and 22 year-olds.

BAGLY’s attitude toward sexual activity between participants is also very clear:

[O]ur approach to programming and services is youth-centered, non-judgmental and "sex-positive"

(meaning we think consensual sex is natural and healthy).

Despite all of this, the state continues to fund BAGLY’s activities and the schools continue to include it.

“WAGLY”

Literature from WAGLY (West Suburban Alliance of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth) was

also distributed and promoted to kids at the conference. As BAGLY is mostly centered around the Boston

inner-city area, WAGLY is located in the western suburbs.

ABOVE: WAGLY contingent marches in this

year's "Youth Pride Day" parade.

LEFT: These are the kinds of people they pair

up schoolchildren with: Man marching at left of

top photo, wearing WAGLY shirt, is wearing

women's high-heel shoes.

WAGLY uses many of the same strategies to attract school children as the other “LLGBT youth” community clubs.

They seem to focus on offering kids "a welcoming place" for "support," and the group meets in unsupervised “gay

friendly” settings away from the public schools. Some of WAGLY’s literature, which was passed out at the

conference, is shown below.

In 2010, the WAGLY adults and

kids marched with a different

banner, but the same purpose.

“LGBT Coalition of Western Massachusetts”

The LGBT Coalition of Western Massachusetts is also disturbing because it is much more overtly adult-oriented

than the others. But seems to use the same “mentoring” tactics to attract kids and to involve them in ts events

and activities. Their literature was also passed out at the conference.

RIGHT: LGBT Coalition booklet passed out

at conference.

BELOW: Excerpt from the LGBT Coalition

booklet describing their youth/adult

"mentoring" program.

Postcard passed

out as part of the

LGBT Coalition

package, also

pitching their

"mentoring"

program.

And, of course, a business card.

Other “LGBT youth” community groups

There are several other “LGBT youth” community clubs across the state that are quite active, but weren’t

promoted at this conference. However, we’ve observed that those groups use the same tactics and work as

closely as they can with local public school administrators and teachers.

It is shocking that most parents, citizens, and even politicians are completely unaware that this is happening to

vulnerable kids in their public schools and communities – and that teachers are being instructed in how to

promote it to schoolchildren at conferences like this. MassResistance will continue to expose this!

End of Included Text

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James M Driskill I believe that any sexual interest groups should be done as adults, it does not negate the fact that

gay people are born this way.

Studies show this to be the truth.

genes-linked-to-being-gay-may-help-straight-people-get-more-sex

https://www.technologyreview.com/.../genes-linked-to.../

Genes linked to being gay may help straight people get more sex

by Antonio Regalado October 18, 2018

The largest-ever study of genetics and sexual orientation offers a

theory about the longevity of genes that influence homosexuality.

●by Antonio Regalado

● October 18, 2018

●

Across cultures, between 2% and 5% of men are gay. That amounts to an

evolutionary paradox: gay men have fewer children, so one would expect that the

trait would disappear over time. But it hasn’t.

Recommended for You

1.We analyzed 16,625 papers to figure out where

AI is headed next

2.Facebook’s plan to merge WhatsApp, Instagram,

and Messenger sounds a privacy alarm

The hunt for sexual orientation genes—which wades into the polarizing question

of whether people are born gay or become so—is part of a boom in genomics

research that aims to unveil how genes shape behavior, not just diseases.

Powering the new social genetics are huge databases, including the British

government–funded UK Biobank and the DNA of millions of customers collected

by 23andMe, a consumer gene testing company. Scientists have begun using this

mass of data to successfully probe the genetic basis of a surprising range of

behaviors, from smoking to insomnia, intelligence, marijuana use, and even time

spent watching television.

The research is at its most sensitive when it touches on sexual orientation. Jeffrey

Reid, who is head of genome informatics at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and who

is gay, says he is concerned about how such discoveries are discussed in the press.

That could have an outsize impact on already vulnerable people, he says.

Have you

ever had

sexual

intercourse

with

someone of

the same

sex?

A question posed to volunteers by

the UK Biobank

“Supposedly ‘clear evidence’ of a genetic basis for homosexuality may lead a

parent to deem their gay son irrevocably broken and eject him from their life,”

Reid says. “Alternatively, maybe some evidence of a genetic basis of

homosexuality may lead a parent to embrace their child as God made them, or lead

someone struggling out of darkness and into self-acceptance.”

Because the work could be controversial, the team behind the new gene hunt opted

to post their research plan online in 2017. They described their intent to perform a

genome-wide association study, a technique originally developed to locate genetic

susceptibilities to diseases like macular degeneration and diabetes.

But instead of scouring for associations between people’s illnesses and features of

their genomes, they would carry out a vast statistical analysis comparing the DNA

of hundreds of thousands of people with information about their sexual behavior.

It’s already well known that being gay is partly genetic—as in all other behaviors,

genes play a role. Yet earlier attempts to identify specific genes involved were, by

and large, unsuccessful. That’s mainly because there wasn’t enough genetic data

available. The new study is about 10 times larger than any previous effort.

Image: Getty

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It’s that time when we reflect on the past year and gear up for even bigger results in the year ahead. In

2016, we saw a lot more event-like thinking, a bigger adoption of technology to streamline operations,

and more tracking of data to optimize performance. In 2017, we can expect to see an increase in those

areas while we also embrace these following 4 trends:

1. Personalization

Nearly every industry has shifted its focus to providing one-on-one personalized service, except for the

nightlife industry. We’re still operating with pen and paper, and not getting an accurate understanding of

who our guests are. And when guests are used to being treated like an individual everywhere else, it’s

hard to go somewhere they’re treated like a number. Being more personal with your customers is a huge

opportunity and is easier than you think with the right system that collects data.

After all, 90% of consumers surveyed have said they’re willing to provide their information as long as

they get personalized service in return.

2. Pre-Sell Inventory

Part of creating a demand for your party is getting people committed to show up. That’s where pre-selling

comes into play. Having tickets already sold to an upcoming event creates a sense of urgency that

they’re going to be sold out before the night of the event. The same is true for VIP tables on any given

night. That sense of urgency — or the sense that the supply is decreasing — creates demand.

Pre-selling your inventory not only creates this demand, but it also guarantees your revenue before the

night begins.

Look for a system that helps you manage your entire pre-sale inventory, from tickets to tables.

3. Classic Drinks

After several seasons of complex, local, and seasonal cocktails, we’re going back to the classics. Top

mixologists around the country are agreeing on the approach of simple ingredients to make classic

cocktails (but still with the attention to details we’ve seen these past years). Vermouth is making a strong

comeback, led by the rise of Manhattans and Negronis, and Amaro continues to tick upward in

popularity.

Either way, experts are looking forward to going back to classic cocktails made with quality spirits and

few ingredients.

4. Leveraging Promotions

We’re getting savvier as marketers and are now able to track where traffic is coming from, which

promotions do and don’t work to bring in the right people, and whether your promoters play a big part in

your marketing game. Just in the past few months, I’ve seen nightclubs track every aspect of their

marketing, including individual Facebook posts and images along with individual staff members. They’ve

been using the results to pump out more effective campaigns to bring in higher spending guests. This is

powerful marketing, and what’s going to take you to the next level in 2017.

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James M Driskill Jimmy Escajeda If you read the first article that presented, it explains that equation. And for

the record, although I am 100% gay, most persons identify as bisexual in nature and most humans that are

gay actually have had sex with women at some point in their life. Also, I believe that two gay fathers, married

in a committed relationship can love a child [ by either parent ] and that child rearing does not require a single

man and a single woman to have well adjusted children. I think the best place to put this argument is to

introduce you to [ #Mpatapo ] and a blog..... Run Ahead Of Me. This has nothing to do with gay issues in

particular but a priority is teaching kindness. [ http://runaheadofme.blogspot.com/.../my-personality-as... ]

Edit or delete this

RUNAHEADOFME.BLOGSPOT.COM

Mpatapo: Reconciliation and Peacemaking

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Include / read full blogspace entry:

[

https://runaheadofme.blogspot.com/2007/12/my-personality-as-viewed-through_31.html?fbclid=IwAR3EK7k_6ieJ

mK09iotvK8dcJaNWNlHs8ucz8Rrt8Pi0x7RSfqluxJVXJpA ]

Run Ahead of Me

Instagram ⋅ Tumblr ⋅ Twitter

MONDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2007

Mpatapo: Reconciliation and Peacemaking

This image is an Adinkra symbol (a system of symbols from Ghana in West Africa) called mpatapo. It is meant to

represent the "knot of pacification/reconciliation," and as such it is the symbol for reconciliation, peacemaking and

pacification.

"Mpatapo represents the bond or knot that binds the separate parties in a dispute to a peaceful, harmonious

reconciliation. It is a symbol of peacemaking after strife." --from West African Wisdom: Adinkra Symbols &

Meanings

I am trying to expand my efforts at teaching conflict resolution throughout the schools where I work and have

chosen this symbol as the "badge" to give kids and adults who have successfully learned the principles and have

pledged to embody them throughout the school.

My guiding principles are summed up pretty well in the words of a Buddhist nun, so I will let her speak for me:

We need to bring loving-kindness not only into the family but also into the schools. Before I became a nun, I was a

schoolteacher, so I have especially strong feelings about this. The most important thing for children to learn is not

a lot of information, but how to be kind human beings and how to resolve their conflicts with others in a

constructive way. Parents and teachers put a lot of time and money into teaching children science, arithmetic,

literature, geography, geology, and computers. But do we ever spend any time teaching them how to be kind? Do

we have any courses in kindness? Do we teach kids how to work with their own negative emotions and how to

resolve conflicts with others? I think this is much more important than the academic subjects. Why? Children may

know a lot, but if they grow up to be unkind, resentful, or greedy adults, their lives will not be happy.

Parents want their children to have a good future and thus think their children need to make a lot of money. They

teach their children academic and technical skills so that they can get a good job and make lots of money -- as if

money were the cause of happiness. But when people are on their deathbed, you never hear anybody wishfully

say, "I should have spent more time in the office. I should have made more money." When people have regrets

about how they lived their life, usually they regret not communicating better with other people, not being kinder,

not letting the people that they care about know that they care. If you want your kids to have a good future don't

teach them just how to make money, but how to live a healthy life, how to be a happy person, how to contribute to

society in a productive way.

--excerpted from "Teaching Children by Example" by Venerable Thubten Chodron©

Posted by Joel Moody at 1:52 PM

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Labels: adinkra, african symbols, children, compassion, conflict resolution, kindness, knot,mpatapo, pacification, peacemaking,

reconciliation, school, thubten, west africa

1 comment:

James Driskill said...

My name is James. I have used your article in reference to a ongoing peace effort I am making, particularly with

adults. I have high praise for your words as they relate to children.

My post in on my Facebook page:

https://www.facebook.com/gruwup/posts/1029686500387716

@Gruwup -- A higher calling standard of character above just being a grown up.

Great Reasons Us [ You, I , and all here ] Will Unite Peace

November 9, 2015 at 3:27 PM

End of Included Text

James M Driskill I do not support the mingling of adult/child gay issues except in school settings. Where if gay

youth are given resources, we have reduce the number of gay youth suicides.

Do you trust Psychology Today?

https://www.psychologytoday.com/.../why-are-suicide-rates...

Edit or delete this

PSYCHOLOGYTODAY.COM

Why Are Suicide Rates Higher Among LGBTQ Youth?

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[

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-truth-about-exercise-addiction/201710/why-are-suicide-rates-higher-

among-lgbtq-youth ]

Katherine Schreiber and Heather Hausenblas Ph.D.

The Truth About Exercise Addiction

Why Are Suicide Rates Higher Among

LGBTQ Youth?

Sexual minorities face unique risk factors.

Posted Oct 12, 2017

By Katherine SchreiberAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide

is the second leading cause of death among youth aged 15 to 24 and the third leading cause

of death among youth aged 10 to 14 (CDC, 2010). Among youth who identify as sexual

minorities, the likelihood of death by suicide has been estimated to be two to seven times

greater than the likelihood of death by suicide among heterosexual youth (Haas et al., 2011).

Haas et al. suggest that such a range exists because records of death rarely include a

person’s sexual orientation. More precise data exist on the prevalence of suicidal ideation

among sexual minority youth, however, with twice as many reporting a desire or intent to die

when compared to heterosexual youth (King et al., 2008).

article continues after advertisement

Various theories abound as to why rates of suicide and/or suicidal ideation are higher among

youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, or

asexual (LGBTQ-IA). Chief among them: the minority stress hypothesis and the interpersonal

psychological theory of suicide (Russell & Fish, 2016). Irrespective of theoretical orientation,

however, most researchers, psychologists, and mental health practitioners agree that youth

identifying as a sexual minority are exposed to a higher number of risk factors than their

heterosexual counterparts. Sexual minority youth also face several unique risk factors for

suicidal ideation and completed suicide (Mustanski & Liu, 2012).

General risk factors for suicide identified over the past several decades include a family

history of suicide, childhood maltreatment, having a mental illness (in particular: borderline

personality disorder, schizophrenia and psychotic disorders, antisocial personality disorder,

conduct disorder, and depression), struggling with substance abuse, experiencing chronic

feelings of hopelessness, and having access to a means of completing suicide (i.e., access

to a weapon) (Franklin et al., 2017). Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness

have also been shown to increase one’s risk of suicidal ideation and death by suicide

(Baams, Grossman, & Russel, 2015). Additionally, a substantial amount of evidence has

linked episodes of self-harm to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Though the

relationship between self-harm and suicide is complicated by the fact that not all episodes of

self-harm are directly related to or derivative of an intention to die, a systematic review and

meta-analysis by Chan et al. (2016) of various factors correlated with suicide in the wake of

self-harm found self-harm to be predictive of death by suicide. The same review also found

that poor physical health and male gender increased one’s risk of suicide completion.

Risk factors specific to sexual minority youth include gender nonconformity, low (or lack of)

family support, and victimization for being a sexual minority (Mustanski & Liu, 2013). That

LGBTQ-IA youth are exposed to these additional risk factors, atop those normally increasing

one’s risk for suicidal ideation and completed suicide, helps to explain why sexual minority

youth are at a greater risk of desiring to end, and sometimes successfully ending, their own

lives. Mustanski & Liu also posit that such factors specific to sexual minority youth are

mediated by the emotional and affective vicissitudes characteristic of adolescence. Indeed,

intense affect is itself a risk factor for suicidal behavior (Hendin et al., 2010).

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It is important to note that predicting whether or not a specific person will commit suicide is a

scientifically impossible feat (Franklin et al., 2017). There is no critical threshold of risk factors

beyond which one is guaranteed to do so. One may, for instance, identify as transgender and

gay, struggle with mental illness, recall memories of childhood abuse, feel hopeless, have

access to weapons, yet elect not to end one’s own life. This is because the completion of

suicide, as well as the intensity and duration of suicidal ideation, are open to moderation and

mediation by a range of protective factors, some of which, like risk factors, are unique to

sexual minority youth.

Generally speaking, factors that protect against suicide in youth include having a positive

relationship with one or more parent, feeling positively connected to and included in

schoolsettings as well as feeling involved in a group of peers (Brent et al., 2009). Brent et al.

have also identified adaptive family coping (namely: the willingness and ability of a family to

alter its rules, structures of power, and relationship roles) as a protective factor against youth

suicidal behavior and ideation.

Specific to sexual minority youth, family cohesion, school safety, and the perception of being

cared for and about by adults outside the nuclear family have been found to lower the risk of

suicide and suicidal ideation (Haas et al., 2011). Family and peer support have been shown

to have a comparably favorable effect on reducing suicidal ideation and completion

(Mustanski, & Liu, 2013).

Various therapeutic modalities have also been found to reduce suicidal ideation among adults

and adolescents. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Ougrin et al. (2015) underscored

the efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) mentalization-based therapy (MBT), and

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in reducing intent to die and the likelihood of completing

suicide, largely by reducing risk factors for suicide like depression and self-harm.

article continues after advertisement

While further research needs to verify their effectiveness in reducing the total number of

deaths by suicide (especially among youth), several studies measuring crisis and suicide

prevention hotlines’ effects on hopelessness, psychological pain, and intent to die have found

positive results in adult populations (i.e., Gould, Kalafat, Munfakh, & Kleinman, 2007). Youth

tend to be less aware of the availability of crisis and suicide prevention hotlines and, as a

result, tend to utilize them less (Budinger, Cwik, & Riddle, 2015). Interventions and services

provided via text-messaging, online chats, Twitter, Facebook, and other forms of social media

have not been extensively studied but may offer younger generations inroads to support, and

therefore, another means of reducing suicidal ideation, via mediums that are more appealing

and/or accessible to them.

Crisis prevention services can also connect users to mental health services via referrals; an

additional avenue through which psychological suffering can be salved. Gould, Munfakh,

Kleinman, & Lake (2012) found that approximately half of all adult callers in a study of crisis

hotline referral outcomes utilized ongoing resources provided by a crisis counselor over the

phone. The percentage of youth who are able to secure ongoing support following contact

with a crisis lifeline, however, has yet to be documented.

If you identify as an LGTBQ-IA youth and are in crisis, or know someone who is, call The

Trevor Project: 1-866-488-7386.

If you are an adult in crisis, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-8255.

References

Baams, L., Grossman, A. H., Russel, S. T. (2015). Minority stress and mechanisms of risk for depression and

suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 688-696. doi:

10.1037/a0038994.

Brent, D., Greenhill, L., Compton, S., Emslie, G., Wells, K., Walkup, J., … Turner, J. B. (2009). The treatment

of adolescent suicide attempters (tasa) study: predictors of suicidal events in an open treatment trial. Journal

of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(10), 987–996.

doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b5dbe4

Budinger, M. C., Cwik, M. F., & Riddle, M. A. (2015). Awareness, attitudes, and use of crisis hotlines among

youth at-risk for suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(2), 192-198. doi:10.1111/sltb.12112.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2015). 10 leading causes of death by age group – 2015.

Retrieved September 20th from

https://www.cdc.gov/injury/images/lc-charts/leading_causes_of_death_age_group_2015_1050w740h.gif

Chan, M. K Y., Bhatti, H., Meader, N. Stockton, S., Evans, J., O’Connor, R. C., Kapur, N., & Kendall, T.

(2016). Predicting suicide following self-harm: systematic review of risk factors and risk scales. The British

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Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., . . . Nock, M. K. (2017).

Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological

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Gould, M. S., Kalafat, J., Munfakh, J. L. H., & Kleinman, M. (2007). An evaluation of crisis hotline outcomes,

part 2: Suicidal callers. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 338–352. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37. 3.338

Gould, M. S., Munfakh, J. L. H., Kleinman, M., & Lake, A. M. (2012). National suicide prevention lifeline:

Enhancing mental health care for suicidal individuals and other people in crisis. Suicide and Life-Threatening

Behavior, 42, 22–35. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X. 2011.00068.x

Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., D’Augelli, A. R., … Clayton, P. J. (2011).

Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and recommendations.

Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 10–51. http://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.534038

Hendin, H., Al Jurdi, R. K., Houck, P. R., Hughes, S., Turner, J. B. (2010). Role of intense affects in predicting

short-term risk for suicidal behavior. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(3), 220-225.

doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d13d14

Kalafat, J., Gould, M. S., Munfakh, J. L. H., & Kleinman, M. (2007). An evaluation of crisis hotline outcomes

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doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.322

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Psychiatry, 8, 70. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-7

Mustanski, B., Liu, Richard T. (2013). A longitudinal study of predictors of suicide attempts among lesbian,

gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(3), 437-48. doi:

10.1007/s10508-012-0013-9

Ougrin, D., Tranah, T., Stahl, D., Moran, P., Asarnow, J. R. (2015). Therapeutic interventions for suicide

attempts and self-harm in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American

Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(2), 97-107. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009

Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (lgbt) youth.

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 465–487. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153

End of Included Text

Jimmy Escajeda I don't hate homosexuals as people at all I care for them and their welfare. But I know that

who one chooses to have a a sexual partner is a choice. Hetero or homosexual. Heterosexuals choose same

sex is a variety of situations. Prison for example.

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James M Driskill Jimmy Escajeda I never said you are in a hate mode. You are the one placing that adjective

onto this subject.

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James M Driskill https://itgetsbetter.org/

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ITGETSBETTER.ORG

It Gets Better

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Jimmy Escajeda I was just making my stance known and did not mean to imply that you were saying that I

was a H8R. 😄

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James M Driskill Jimmy Escajeda I would never choose to have a homosexual lifestyle considering all of the

stigma associated to this lifestyle. No one would complicate their life this way unless there was an inner

sexuality identity that is naturally expressed.

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James M Driskill James M Driskill Plus, homosexuality occurs naturally in other animals.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals

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Homosexual behavior in animals - Wikipedia

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[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals ]

Homosexual behavior in animals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

For homosexuality in humans, see Homosexuality.

Two male mallards, Anas platyrhynchos

Homosexual behavior in animals is sexual behavior among non-human species that is interpreted as homosexual

or bisexual. This may include same-sex sexual activity, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting among

same-sex animal pairs.[1][2][3][4] Research indicates that various forms of this are found in every major

geographic region and every major animal group. The sexual behavior of non-human animals takes many different

forms, even within the same species, though homosexual behavior is best known from social species.

Scientists perceive homosexual behavior in animals to different degrees. The motivations for and implications of

these behaviors have yet to be fully understood, since most species have yet to be fully studied.[5] According to

Bruce Bagemihl, the animal kingdom engages in homosexual behavior "with much greater sexual diversity –

including homosexual, bisexual and nonreproductive sex – than the scientific community and society at large have

previously been willing to accept."[6] Bagemihl adds, however, that this is "necessarily an account of human

interpretations of these phenomena".[7] Simon LeVay introduced caveat that "[a]lthough homosexual behavior is

very common in the animal world, it seems to be very uncommon that individual animals have a long-lasting

predisposition to engage in such behavior to the exclusion of heterosexual activities. Thus, a homosexual

orientation, if one can speak of such thing in animals, seems to be a rarity."[8] One species in which exclusive

homosexual orientation occurs, however, is that of domesticated sheep (Ovis aries).[9][10] "About 10% of rams

(males), refuse to mate with ewes (females) but do readily mate with other rams."[10]

According to Bagemihl (1999), same-sex behavior (comprising courtship, sexual, pair-bonding, and parental

activities) has been documented in over 450 species of animals worldwide.[11]

Contents

1In relation to humans

1.1Applying the term homosexual to animals

1.2Nature or nurture

2Research

3Basis

3.1Physiological basis

3.2Genetic basis

3.3Neurobiological basis

4Some selected species and groups

4.1Birds

4.1.1Black swans

4.1.2Laysan albatross

4.1.3Ibises

4.1.4Mallards

4.1.5Penguins

4.1.6Vultures

4.1.7Pigeons

4.2Mammals

4.2.1Amazon dolphin

4.2.2American bison

4.2.3Bats

4.2.4Bottlenose dolphins

4.2.5Elephants

4.2.6Giraffes

4.2.7Marmots

4.2.8Lions

4.2.9Polecat

4.2.10Primates

4.2.10.1Bonobo

4.2.10.2Gorillas

4.2.10.3Japanese macaque

4.2.10.4Оrangutans

4.2.10.5Monkeys

4.2.11Sheep

4.2.12Spotted hyena

4.3Reptiles

4.3.1Lizards

4.3.2Tortoises

4.4Insects and arachnids

4.4.1Dragonflies

4.4.2Fruit flies

4.4.3Bed bugs

5See also

6References

7External links

In relation to humans

Applying the term homosexual to animals

The term homosexual was coined by Karl-Maria Kertbeny in 1868 to describe same-sex sexual attraction and

sexual behavior in humans.[12] Its use in animal studies has been controversial for two main reasons: animal

sexuality and motivating factors have been and remain poorly understood, and the term has strong cultural

implications in western society that are irrelevant for species other than humans.[13] Thus homosexual behavior

has been given a number of terms over the years. According to Bruce Bagemihl, when describing animals, the

term homosexual is preferred over gay, lesbian, and other terms currently in use, as these are seen as even more

bound to human homosexuality.[14]

Bailey et al. says: "Homosexual: in animals, this has been used to refer to same-sex behavior that is not sexual in

character (e.g. ‘homosexual tandem running’ in termites), same-sex courtship or copulatory behavior occurring

over a short period of time (e.g. ‘homosexual mounting’ in cockroaches and rams) or long-term pair bonds

between same-sex partners that might involve any combination of courting, copulating, parenting and affectional

behaviors (e.g. ‘homosexual pair bonds’ in gulls). In humans, the term is used to describe individual sexual

behaviors as well as long-term relationships, but in some usages connotes a gay or lesbian social identity.

Scientific writing would benefit from reserving this anthropomorphic term for humans and not using it to describe

behavior in other animals, because of its deeply rooted context in human society".[15]

Animal preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. In wild animals, researchers will as a rule not

be able to map the entire life of an individual, and must infer from frequency of single observations of behavior.

The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an animal exhibits homosexual behavior or even same-sex

sexual behavior; however, this article conforms to the usage by modern research,[14][16][17][18][page needed][19]

applying the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual

display behavior) between animals of the same sex. In most instances, it is presumed that the homosexual

behavior is but part of the animal's overall sexual behavioral repertoire, making the animal "bisexual" rather than

"homosexual" as the terms are commonly understood in humans.[18][page needed], but cases of homosexual

preference and exclusive homosexual pairs are known.[20]

Nature or nurture

The observation of homosexual behavior in animals can be seen as both an argument for and against the

acceptance of homosexuality in humans, and has been used especially against the claim that it is a peccatum

contra naturam ("sin against nature"). For instance, homosexuality in animals was cited by the American

Psychiatric Association and other groups in their amici curiae brief to the United States Supreme Court in

Lawrence v. Texas, which ultimately struck down the sodomy laws of 14 states.[21][22]

Research

A majority of the research available concerning homosexual behavior in animals lacks specification between

animals that exclusively exhibit same-sex tendencies and those that participate in heterosexual and homosexual

mating activities interchangeably. This lack of distinction has led to differing opinions and conflicting interpretations

of collected data amongst scientists and researchers. For instance, Bruce Bagemihl, author of the book Biological

Exuberence: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, emphasizes that there are no anatomical or

endocrinological differences between exclusively homosexual and exclusively heterosexual animal pairs.[23][page

needed] However, if the definition of "homosexual behavior" is made to include animals that participate in both

same-sex and opposite-sex mating activities, hormonal differences have been documented among key sex

hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol, when compared to those who participate solely in heterosexual

mating.[24]

Many of the animals used in laboratory-based studies of homosexuality do not appear to spontaneously exhibit

these tendencies often in the wild. Such behavior is often elicited and exaggerated by the researcher during

experimentation through the destruction of a portion of brain tissue, or by exposing the animal to high levels of

steroid hormones prenatally.[25][page needed] Information gathered from these studies is limited when applied to

spontaneously occurring same-sex behavior in animals outside of the laboratory.[25]

Homosexual behaviour in animals has been discussed since classical antiquity. The earliest written mention of

animal homosexuality appears to date back to 2,300 years ago, when Aristotle (384–322 BC) described copulation

between pigeons, partridges and quails of the same sex.[26] The Hieroglyphics of Horapollo, written in the 4th

century AD by the Egyptian writer Horapollo, mentions "hermaphroditism" in hyenas and homosexuality in

partridges.[26] The first review of animal homosexuality was written by the zoologist Ferdinand Karsch-Haack in

1900.[26]

Until recent times, the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not "officially" observed on a large scale,

possibly due to observer bias caused by social attitudes to same-sex sexual behavior,[27] innocent confusion, lack

of interest, distaste, scientists fearing loss of their grants or even from a fear of "being ridiculed by their

colleagues".[28][29] Georgetown University biologist Janet Mann states "Scientists who study the topic are often

accused of trying to forward an agenda, and their work can come under greater scrutiny than that of their

colleagues who study other topics."[30] They also noted "Not every sexual act has a reproductive function ... that's

true of humans and non-humans."[30] It appears to be widespread amongst social birds and mammals, particularly

the sea mammals and the primates. The true extent of homosexuality in animals is not known. While studies have

demonstrated homosexual behavior in a number of species, Petter Bøckman, the scientific advisor of the

exhibition Against Nature? in 2007, speculated that the true extent of the phenomenon may be much larger than

was then recognized:

No species has been found in which homosexual behaviour has not been shown to exist, with the exception of

species that never have sex at all, such as sea urchins and aphis. Moreover, a part of the animal kingdom is

hermaphroditic, truly bisexual. For them, homosexuality is not an issue.[28]

Two male giraffes in Kenya.

An example of overlooking homosexual behavior is noted by Bagemihl describing mating giraffes where nine out of

ten pairings occur between males:

Every male that sniffed a female was reported as sex, while anal intercourse with orgasm between males was only

"revolving around" dominance, competition or greetings.[31]

Some researchers believe this behavior to have its origin in male social organization and social dominance, similar

to the dominance traits shown in prison sexuality. Others, particularly Bagemihl, Joan Roughgarden, Thierry

Lodé[32] and Paul Vasey suggest the social function of sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) is not necessarily

connected to dominance, but serves to strengthen alliances and social ties within a flock. Others have argued that

social organization theory is inadequate because it cannot account for some homosexual behaviors, for example,

penguin species where male individuals mate for life and refuse to pair with females when given the

chance.[33][34] While reports on many such mating scenarios are still only anecdotal, a growing body of scientific

work confirms that permanent homosexuality occurs not only in species with permanent pair bonds,[19] but also in

non-monogamous species like sheep.

One report on sheep cited below states:

Approximately 8% of rams exhibit sexual preferences [that is, even when given a choice] for male partners

(male-oriented rams) in contrast to most rams, which prefer female partners (female-oriented rams). We identified

a cell group within the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of age-matched adult sheep that was

significantly larger in adult rams than in ewes...[35]

In fact, apparent homosexual individuals are known from all of the traditional domestic species, from sheep, cattle

and horses to cats, dogs and budgerigars.[36][page needed]

Basis

Physiological basis

A definite physiological explanation or reason for homosexual activity in animal species has not been agreed upon

by researchers in the field. Numerous scholars are of the opinion that varying levels (either higher or lower) of the

sex hormones in the animal,[37] in addition to the size of the animal's gonads,[24] play a direct role in the sexual

behavior and preference exhibited by that animal. Others firmly argue no evidence to support these claims exists

when comparing animals of a specific species exhibiting homosexual behavior exclusively and those that do not.

Ultimately, empirical support from comprehensive endocrinological studies exist for both interpretations.[37][38]

Researchers found no evidence of differences in the measurements of the gonads, or the levels of the sex

hormones of exclusively homosexual western gulls and ring-billed gulls.[39] However, when analyzing these

differences in bisexual rams, males were found to have lower levels of testosterone and estradiol in their blood, as

well as smaller gonads than their heterosexual counterpart.[citation needed]

Additional studies pertaining to hormone involvement in homosexual behavior indicate that when administering

treatments of testosterone and estradiol to female heterosexual animals, the elevated hormone levels increase the

likelihood of homosexual behavior. Additionally, boosting the levels of sex hormones during an animal's pregnancy

appears to increase the likelihood of it birthing a homosexual offspring.[37]

Genetic basis

Researchers found that disabling the fucose mutarotase (FucM) gene in laboratory mice – which influences the

levels of estrogen to which the brain is exposed – caused the female mice to behave as if they were male as they

grew up. "The mutant female mouse underwent a slightly altered developmental programme in the brain to

resemble the male brain in terms of sexual preference" said Professor Chankyu Park of the Korea Advanced

Institute of Science and Technology in Daejon, South Korea, who led the research. His most recent findings have

been published in the BMC Genetics journal on July 7, 2010.[40][41] Another study found that by manipulating a

gene in fruit flies (Drosophila), homosexual behavior appeared to have been induced. However, in addition to

homosexual behavior, several abnormal behaviors were also exhibited apparently due to this mutation.[42]

Neurobiological basis

In March 2011, research showed that serotonin is involved in the mechanism of sexual orientation of mice.[43][44]

A study conducted on fruit flies found that inhibiting the dopamine neurotransmitter inhibited lab-induced

homosexual behavior.[45]

Some selected species and groups

See also: Seabird same-sex pairing and Seabird breeding behavior: Same-sex pairing

Birds

See also: List of birds displaying homosexual behavior and Animal sexual behavior § Birds

Black swans

Swans, Cygnus atratus

An estimated one-quarter of all black swans pairings are of males. They steal nests, or form temporary

threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs. The males spent time in

each other's society, guarded the common territory, performed greeting ceremonies before each other, and (in the

reproductive period) pre-marital rituals, and if one of the birds tried to sit on the other, an intense fight began.[1][2]

More of their cygnets survive to adulthood than those of different-sex pairs, possibly due to their superior ability to

defend large portions of land. The same reasoning has been applied to male flamingo pairs raising chicks.[46][47]

Laysan albatross

Female albatross, on the north-western tip of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, form pairs for co-growing offspring. On

the observed island, the number of females considerably exceeds the number of males (59% N=102/172), so 31%

of females, after mating with males, create partnerships for hatching and feeding chicks. Compared to male-female

couples female partnerships have a lower hatching rate (41% vs 87%) and lower overall reproductive success

(31% vs. 67%).[48]

Ibises

Main article: American white ibis § Breeding and lifespan

Research has shown that the environmental pollutant methylmercury can increase the prevalence of homosexual

behavior in male American white ibis. The study involved exposing chicks in varying dosages to the chemical and

measuring the degree of homosexual behavior in adulthood. The results discovered was that as the dosage was

increased the likelihood of homosexual behavior also increased. The endocrine blocking feature of mercury has

been suggested as a possible cause of sexual disruption in other bird species.[49][50]

Mallards

Main article: Mallard § Breeding

Two male mallards, Anas platyrhynchos

Mallards form male-female pairs only until the female lays eggs, at which time the male leaves the female.

Mallards have rates of male-male sexual activity that are unusually high for birds, in some cases, as high as 19%

of all pairs in a population.[36][page needed] Kees Moeliker of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam has

observed one male mallard engage in homosexual necrophilia.[51]

Penguins

Further information: Penguin § Behaviour, and Animal sexual behaviour § Penguins

Penguins have been observed to engage in homosexual behaviour since at least as early as 1911. George Murray

Levick, who documented this behaviour in Adélie penguins at Cape Adare, described it as "depraved". The report

was considered too shocking for public release at the time, and was suppressed. The only copies that were made

available privately to researchers were translated into Greek, to prevent this knowledge becoming more widely

known. The report was unearthed only a century later, and published in Polar Record in June 2012.[52]

In early February 2004 the New York Times reported that Roy and Silo, a male pair of chinstrap penguins in the

Central Park Zoo in New York City had successfully hatched and fostered a female chick from a fertile egg they

had been given to incubate.[21] Other penguins in New York zoos have also been reported to have formed

same-sex pairs.[53][54]

In Odense Zoo in Denmark, a pair of male king penguins adopted an egg that had been abandoned by a female,

proceeding to incubate it and raise the chick.[55][56] Zoos in Japan and Germany have also documented

homosexual male penguin couples.[33][34] The couples have been shown to build nests together and use a stone

as a substitute for an egg. Researchers at Rikkyo University in Tokyo found 20 homosexual pairs at 16 major

aquariums and zoos in Japan.

The Bremerhaven Zoo in Germany attempted to encourage reproduction of endangered Humboldt penguins by

importing females from Sweden and separating three male pairs, but this was unsuccessful. The zoo's director

said that the relationships were "too strong" between the homosexual pairs.[57] German gay groups protested at

this attempt to break up the male-male pairs[58] but the zoo's director was reported as saying "We don't know

whether the three male pairs are really homosexual or whether they have just bonded because of a shortage of

females ... nobody here wants to forcibly separate homosexual couples."[59]

A pair of male Magellanic penguins who had shared a burrow for six years at the San Francisco Zoo and raised a

surrogate chick, split when the male of a pair in the next burrow died and the female sought a new mate.[60]

Buddy and Pedro, a pair of male African penguins, were separated by the Toronto Zoo to mate with female

penguins.[61][62] Buddy has since paired off with a female.[62]

Suki and Chupchikoni are two female African penguins that pair bonded at the Ramat Gan Safari in Israel.

Chupchikoni was assumed to be male until her blood was tested.[63]

common among cattle. The behaviour is hormone driven and synchronizes with the emergence of estrus (heat),

particularly in the presence of a bull.

Bats

File:Homosexual-Fellatio-Erect-Penis-Licking-between-Male-Bonin-Flying-Foxes-Pteropus-pselaphon-pone.01660

24.s002.ogv

Two male Bonin flying foxes (Pteropus pselaphon) performing fellatio on each other.[72]

More than 20 species of bat have been documented to engage in homosexual behavior.[26][72] Bat species that

have been observed engaging in homosexual behavior in the wild include:[26]

the grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)

the Bonin flying fox (Pteropus pselaphon)[72]

the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus)

Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii)

the common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii)

the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus)

Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii)

the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii)

Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii)

the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus)

the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis)

the whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus)

Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri)

the common noctule (Nyctalus noctula)

Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri)

the common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus)

the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus)

the barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus)

the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)

the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros)

Bat species that have been observed engaging in homosexual behavior in captivity include the Comoro flying fox

(Pteropus livingstonii), the Rodrigues flying fox (Pteropus rodricensis) and the common vampire bat (Desmodus

rotundus).[26]

Homosexual behavior in bats has been categorized into 6 groups: mutual homosexual grooming and licking,

homosexual masturbation, homosexual play, homosexual mounting, coercive sex, and cross-species homosexual

sex.[26][72]

In the wild, the grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) engages in allogrooming wherein one partner licks

and gently bites the chest and wing membrane of the other partner. Both sexes display this form of mutual

homosexual grooming and it is more common in males. Males often have erect penises while they are mutually

grooming each other. Like opposite-sex grooming partners, same-sex grooming partners continuously utter a

“pre-copulation call,” which is described as a "pulsed grating call," while engaged in this activity.[26][72]

In wild Bonin flying foxes (Pteropus pselaphon), males perform fellatio or 'male-male genital licking' on other

males. Male–male genital licking events occur repeatedly several times in the same pair, and reciprocal genital

licking also occurs. The male-male genital licking in these bats is considered a sexual behavior. Allogrooming in

Bonin flying foxes has never been observed, hence the male-male genital licking in this species does not seem to

be a by-product of allogrooming, but rather a behavior of directly licking the male genital area, independent of

allogrooming.[72] In captivity, same-sex genital licking has been observed among males of the Comoro flying fox

(Pteropus livingstonii) as well as among males of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus).[26][72]

In wild Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus), males often mount one another, with erections and thrusting, while

play-wrestling.[26] Males of the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii) have been observed in the same position of

male-female mounting, with one gripping the back of the other’s fur. A similar behavior was also observed in the

common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii).[26]

In wild little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), males often mount other males (and females) during late autumn and

winter, when many of the mounted individuals are torpid.[26] 35% of matings during this period are

homosexual.[73] These coercive copulations usually include ejaculation and the mounted bat often makes a typical

copulation call consisting of a long squawk.[26] Similarly, in hibernacula of the common noctule (Nyctalus noctula),

active males were observed to wake up from lethargy on a warm day and engage in mating with lethargic males

and (active or lethargic) females. The lethargic males, like females, called out loudly and presented their buccal

glands with opened mouth during copulation.[26]

Vesey-Fitzgerald (1949) observed homosexual behaviours in all 12 British bat species known at the time:

“Homosexuality is common in the spring in all species, and, since the males are in full possession of their powers, I

suspect throughout the summer...I have even seen homosexuality between Natterer's and Daubenton's bats

(Myotis nattereri and M. daubentonii)."[26]

Bottlenose dolphins

See also: Animal sexual behavior § Bottlenose dolphins, and Bottlenose dolphin § Life history

Dolphins of several species engage in homosexual acts, though it is best studied in the bottlenose

dolphins.[36][page needed] Sexual encounters between females take the shape of "beak-genital propulsion",

where one female inserts her beak in the genital opening of the other while swimming gently forward.[74] Between

males, homosexual behaviour includes rubbing of genitals against each other, which sometimes leads to the males

swimming belly to belly, inserting the penis in the others genital slit and sometimes anus.[75]

Janet Mann, Georgetown University professor of biology and psychology, argues that the strong personal behavior

among male dolphin calves is about bond formation and benefits the species in an evolutionary context.[76] She

cites studies showing that these dolphins later in life as adults are in a sense bisexual, and the male bonds forged

earlier in life work together for protection as well as locating females to reproduce with. Confrontations between

flocks of bottlenose dolphins and the related species Atlantic spotted dolphin will sometimes lead to cross-species

homosexual behaviour between the males rather than combat.[77]

Elephants

Further information: Elephant § Mating

African and Asian males will engage in same-sex bonding and mounting. Such encounters are often associated

with affectionate interactions, such as kissing, trunk intertwining, and placing trunks in each other's mouths. Male

elephants, who often live apart from the general herd, often form "companionships", consisting of an older

individual and one or sometimes two younger males with sexual behavior being an important part of the social

dynamic. Unlike heterosexual relations, which are always of a fleeting nature, the relationships between males

may last for years. The encounters are analogous to heterosexual bouts, one male often extending his trunk along

the other's back and pushing forward with his tusks to signify his intention to mount. Same-sex relations are

common and frequent in both sexes, with Asiatic elephants in captivity devoting roughly 45% of sexual encounters

to same-sex activity.[78]

Giraffes

Further information: Giraffe § Social life and breeding habits

Male giraffes have been observed to engage in remarkably high frequencies of homosexual behavior. After

aggressive "necking", it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other, leading up to mounting

and climax. Such interactions between males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual

coupling.[79] In one study, up to 94% of observed mounting incidents took place between two males. The

proportion of same sex activities varied between 30 and 75%, and at any given time one in twenty males were

engaged in non-combative necking behavior with another male. Only 1% of same-sex mounting incidents occurred

between females.[80]

Marmots

Olympic marmot (left) and Hoary marmot (right).

Homosexual behavior is quite common in wild marmots.[81] In Olympic marmots (Marmota olympus) and Hoary

Marmots (Marmota caligata), females often mount other females as well as engage in other affectionate and

sexual behaviors with females of the same species.[81] They display a high frequency of these behaviors

especially when they are in heat.[81][82] A homosexual encounter often begins with a greeting interaction in which

one female nuzzles her nose on the other female’s cheek or mouth, or both females touch noses or mouths.

Additionally, a female may gently chew on the ear or neck of her partner, who responds by raising her tail. The first

female may sniff the other's genital region or nuzzle that region with her mouth. She may then proceed to mount

the other female, during which the mounting female gently grasps the mounted female's dorsal neck fur in her jaws

while thrusting. The mounted female arches her back and holds her tail to one side to facilitate their sexual

interaction.[81][83]

Lions

Further information: Sexual behavior of lions

File:Wuppertal - Zoo - Panthera leo 01 (1) ies.webm

Male lions mating

Both male and female lions have been seen to interact homosexually.[84][85] Male lions pair-bond for a number of

days and initiate homosexual activity with affectionate nuzzling and caressing, leading to mounting and thrusting.

About 8% of mountings have been observed to occur with other males. Pairings between females are held to be

fairly common in captivity but have not been observed in the wild.

Polecat

European polecats Mustela putorius were found to engage homosexually with non-sibling animals. Exclusive

homosexuality with mounting and anal penetration in this solitary species serves no apparent adaptive

function.[86][page needed]

Primates

Bonobo

See also: Bonobo § Sexual social behavior

Bonobo

Bonobos, which have a matriarchal society, unusual among apes, are a fully bisexual species—both males and

females engage in heterosexual and homosexual behavior, being noted for female–female homosexuality in

particular,[87] including between juveniles and adults.[88] Roughly 60% of all bonobo sexual activity occurs

between two or more females. While the homosexual bonding system in bonobos represents the highest

frequency of homosexuality known in any primate species, homosexuality has been reported for all great apes (a

group which includes humans), as well as a number of other primate species.[89][90][91][page

needed][92][88][93][94][95][96]

Dutch primatologist Frans de Waal on observing and filming bonobos noted that there were two reasons to believe

sexual activity is the bonobo's answer to avoiding conflict. Anything that arouses the interest of more than one

bonobo at a time, not just food, tends to result in sexual contact. If two bonobos approach a cardboard box thrown

into their enclosure, they will briefly mount each other before playing with the box. Such situations lead to

squabbles in most other species. But bonobos are quite tolerant, perhaps because they use sex to divert attention

and to defuse tension.

Bonobo sex often occurs in aggressive contexts totally unrelated to food. A jealous male might chase another

away from a female, after which the two males reunite and engage in scrotal rubbing. Or after a female hits a

juvenile, the latter's mother may lunge at the aggressor, an action that is immediately followed by genital rubbing

between the two adults.[97]

Gorillas